Dr.K.G.Padmakumar

s\ÂIrjnsb kvt\ln¨ aÕy KthjI³ \nch[n kpØnc amXrIIfneqsS tIcf¯nse Irjn¡mcpsS a\w IhÀ¶ P\Iob\mb imkv{XÚ\mWv IpacIw ImÀjnI KthjW tI{µw Atkmkntbäv UbdIvSÀ tUm. sI. Pn. ]ßIpamÀ. aq¶p ZiI¯ntesd \oWvS KthjW X]kybv¡ptijw HutZymKnI tkh\¯n \n¶pw hncan¡p¶ At±lw Xsâ A\p`h§fpw A`n{]mb§fpw IÀjI³ FUnäÀ C³ NmÀPv sPbnwkv tP¡_pambn ]¦phbv¡p¶p. Hcp ^njdokv KthjI\mbmWv {]hÀ¯\amcw`n¨sX¦nepw Xm¦sf C¶v temIadnbp¶Xv Hcp aÕyhnZKv[\mbn am{XaÃ; kwtbmPnXIrjnbptSbpw ssPhsshhn[ykwc£W¯ntâbpsams¡ hàmhmbn¡qSnbmWv. aÕyKthjI\n \n¶pw kpØncssienbpsS At\zjIs\¶ \nebntebv¡pÅ Cu amäw t_m[]qÀhw DWvSm¡nbXmtWm? AtXm Ime{Ia¯n kw`hn¨pt]mbXmtWm? Rm³ Hcp IÀjI IpSpw_¯n P\n¨bmfmWv. Ip«\m«n s\ÂIrjn sNbvXncp¶, C¶pw sNbvXphcp¶ Hcp ho«nemWv Rm³ P\n¨phfÀ¶Xv. Fsâ P\\hpw _meyImehpsaÃmw s\Ãpw s\¡fhpambn At`Zyambn _Ôs¸«ncn¡p¶p. 1967 ho«nse s\ÂIrjn GsäSp¯t¸mÄ apX C¶p cmhnse hoSn\Sp¯pÅ s\Â]mS¯pt]mbn XncnsI [rXnbn Hm^okntebv¡p aS§pt¼mÄ hsc s\ÃpambpÅ Cu s]m¡nÄsImSn_Ôw Rm³ \ne\ndp¯nbn«pWvSv. F\n¡v \¶mbn«p hc¼p Ip¯m\dnbmw. ]mS¯v shÅw sh¡m\dnbmw. IrXyambn FÃm IhSbn\§fpw hcnbn\§fpw Xncn¨dnbmw. Ip«\m«nse s\ÂIÀjIsâ AhØ F\n¡p ]tWvS \¶mbn«dnbmambncp¶p. h³InS s\ÂIÀjIscÃmw F¬]XpIfn Xs¶ Cu cwKw hn«pXpS§nbncp¶p. Irjn¡msc apXemfnamsc¶p hnfn¨ncp¶ Imeambncp¶p AXv. F\n¡v AX§p DÄs¡mÅm\mbnÃ. s\ÂIÀjI³ apXemfnbmtWm? hc¼¯v IpS ]nSn¨p \n¶n«pWvSmhmw.. F¦nepw Ahcpw ]mS¯nd§p¶hÀXs¶btÃ. \mw Fs´m¡ ]dªmepw Irjn \ne\n¡Wsa¦nÂ, kpØncamhWsa¦n AXv BZmbIcam¡ntb aXnbmhq. tZim`nam\t{]cnXcmbn Bsc¦nepw Irjn sN¿psa¶v {]Xo£n¡cpXv. AXpsImWvSpXs¶ Irjn sa¨s¸Sp¯p¶Xn\pÅ amÀK§Ä BZywapXte Fsâ ]cnKW\bnepWvSmbncp¶p. kwtbmPnXIrjnbntebv¡p {i² Xncnbm³ AXp ImcWambn. t]mcm¯Xn\v ImÀjnIkÀhIemimebnse Fsâ BZyt]mkvänwKpw kwtbmPnX Irjnbpambn _Ôs¸« Hcp t{]mPÎnembncp¶p. 1979 Bcw`n¨ B t{]mPÎv sX§pw aÕyIrjnbpw I¶pImenhfÀ¯epw kwtbmPn¸n¡p¶Xn\pÅXmbncp¶p. A¶v s\ÃpWvSmbncp¶nÃ. C¶pw B t{]mPÎv XpScp¶psWvS¶pÅXmWv Hcp khntijX. kwtbmPnXIrjn kw_Ôn¨ KthjW¯n s\ÃpIqSn DÄs¸Sp¯m³ ]n¡me¯v CSbmbXv GXp kmlNcy¯nembncp¶p.? Gsd {]ikvXamb Hcp s\Ãpw Hcp ao\pw ]²XnbpsS BhnÀ`mhw AXneqsSbmbncn¡WatÃm? s\Ãpw ao\pw kwtbmPn¸n¡p¶Xns\¡pdn¨pw NmIcsb¡pdn¨pw sN½o³sI«ns\¡pdn¨pw apwss_ ^njdokv C³Ìnäyq«nse {]^kÀamÀ ]Tn¸n¨t¸mÄ Bthit¯msS tI«ncp¶bmfmWv Rm³. \½psS \m«nse IrjncoXn temIw AwKoIcn¨ amXrIbmbn ]Tn¸n¡p¶XnepÅ kt´mjambncp¶p As¶ms¡. sNdp¸Ime¯v shÅw Ibdn¡nS¡p¶ s\Â]mS§fnse aÕykar²n IWvSv AXnibn¨n«pWvSv . s\ÂIrjn kw_Ôn¨ Hcp tZiob t{]mPÎn\mbn IpacIw kµÀin¨ D¶XXe hnZKv[kwLw ChnSps¯ aÕykar²n IWvSv aÕyKthjWhpw s\ÃpIrjn kw_Ôn¨ KthjW¯nsâ `mKam¡m³ \nÀt±in¡pIbmbncp¶p. AhcpsS \nÀt±i{]Imcw Häcm{Xn sImWvSp Rm³ Xbmdm¡n \ÂInb t{]mPÎv dnt¸mÀ«v IpacIw KthjWtI{µ¯nsâ hfÀ¨bn \nÀWmbILSIambn. XpS¡¯n s\Ãpw ao\pw Hcpan¨nSp¶Xns\¡pdn¨mbncp¶p Nn´n¨Xv. ]t£ s\Ãn\p IoS\min\n Xfn¡p¶Xv ao\n\p A]mbIcamIpsa¶ {]iv\apbÀ¶p. IpacIw KthjWtI{µt¯mSp tNÀ¶v NXp¸mbn InS¶ Øe¯v 1100 NXpc{iaoäÀ hnkvXrXnbpÅ amXrImt¹m«pIÄ XoÀ¯mWv CXpkw_Ôn¨ ]co£W§Ä \S¯nbXv. Hcp aoäÀ Dbc¯n shÅw sI«n\nÀ¯mhp¶ hn[w _WvSpIfpw Hmtcm t¹m«n\p Npäpw XoÀ¯ncp¶p. A¶s¯ ^njdokv hnZKv[scms¡ CXp hnPbn¡nsöp ]dªhcmbncp¶p. F¶m AXnibsa¶p ]dbs« C{]Imcw hfÀ¯nb ao³ Bdpamkw sImWvSv 750þ800 {Kmw Xq¡w h¨p. AXphsc R§Ä ]pkvXI¯n ]Tn¨ncp¶Xv Ch Hcp hÀjwsImWvSv Hcp Intem{Kmw Xq¡w t\Spsa¶mbncp¶p. At¸mgmWv s\ÂIrjnbv¡p tijapÅ 6þ8amkw aÕy¡rjnbv¡mbn D]tbmKn¡msa¶ Nn´bpWvSmbXv. AXphgn cWvSp IrjnIfpw ]ckv]cw XSÊs¸Sp¯msX \S¯msa¶mbn. AsXmcp henb amäapWvSm¡n CXpkw_Ôn¨ BZy]co£W¯n Hcp slÎdn \n¶p {]tXyI A[nIs¨ehnÃmsX Hcp S¬ aÕyapXv]mZn¸n¡m\mbn.AXnsâ hnfshSp¸v F\n¡p ad¡m\mhnÃþ ^manse sXmgnemfnIÄs¡m¸w {SmÎdn aÕyw Ibän kao]s¯ jm¸pIÄ tXmdpw hnev]\ \St¯WvSnh¶p. XpSÀ¶v IpacIw amÀ¡änse¯nbt¸mÄ GPâpamÀ hmKvZm\w sNbvXXv Intem{Kman\p F«p cq] am{Xw,. ^manse HutZymKnI \nc¡mhs« ]{´WvSp cq]bpw. X·qew AhnSncp¶p NnÃdhnev]\bmcw`n¨p. kÀ¡mÀ ^manse ao³ acp¶Sn¨Xn\m N¯pae¨XmsW¶mbn GPâpamcpsS {]NcWw. aÕyw hm§nbhÀs¡Ãmw ]Ww XncnsI \ÂtIWvSnh¶p. 1983embncp¶p AXv. GXmbmepw XpSÀ¶pÅ ]¯psImÃw ChnsS Cu ]²Xn kpKaambn \S¶p. Ip«\m«nse Irjn¡mÀ F§s\bmWv Cu Bibw kzoIcn¨Xv? Irjn¡mÀ thWvS{X GsäSp¯nsö ImcW¯m 1993 CXpt]£nt¡WvS AhØ h¶p. Hcp KthjIs\¶ \nebn Fs¶ Gsd hnjan¸n¨ kw`hambncp¶p AXv. At¸mgmWv IÀjI\mb tPmbn C«q¸ns\ ImWm\nSbmbXv. At±lw \ãwaqew s\ÂIrjn Ahkm\n¸n¡p¶ AhØbnembncp¶p. s\Ãpw ao\psa¶ Bibw A{X Zln¨nsænepw Fsâ D¯chmZnXz¯nepw NpaXebnepw s\Ãpw ao\pw \S¯m³ At±lw k½Xn¨p . ]Xns\t«¡À ]gbImb ]mS¯p\n¶pw F®mbncw Intem{Kmw ao\mWv In«nbXv. AtXmsS \neapSabmb C«q¸n\pw Bthiambn. ASp¯ hÀjw R§fpsS \nÀt±i§Ä ]qÀWambn ]men¨psImWvSv At±lw \S¯nb Irjnbn slÎsdm¶n\v cWvSc S¬ hoXamWv aÕyw In«nbXv. A¶p R§Ä ]Tn¨ Hcp ]mTapWvSvþ aÕy§fpsS hfÀ¨ ]pkvXI¯nsegpXp¶Xpt]msebÃ. hnkvXrXn IqSp¶X\pkcn¨v hfÀ¨bpsS tXmXpw IqSpw. N§\mticn¡p kao]w Xq{]w ]mSs¯ 230 G¡dnembncp¶p ASp¯ ]co£Ww.AhnsS Hcp ao\n\v Bdp Intem{Kmantesd Xq¡w In«n. ]gb Imbense ao³hfÀ¯en\p hfw \ÂIm³ NmWIw Bhiyambncp¶p. NmWImhiy¯n\mbn C«q¸v ImbÂ_WvSn ]iphfÀ¯Â XpS§n . A¡me¯mWv s\Ãpw ]¶nbpw kwtbmPnXcoXnbn Irjn sN¿p¶ Hcp t{]mPÎv Bcw`n¨Xv. {]kvXpX ]co£W¯nsâ `mKambn C«q¸n\p ]¶n¡pªp§sfbpw \ÂIn. s\Ãpw ao\pw ]iphpw ]¶nbpsams¡ h¶pIgnªt¸mÄ ]mSs¯ shůn {]mWhmbp IpdhmsW¶ IsWvS¯epWvSmbn. CXv ]cnlcn¡p¶Xn\mbmWv Xmdmhv hfÀ¯emcw`n¨Xv. C{XambtXmsS Irjn¡mc\mb C«q¸n\p ]mSw hn«p t]mIm³ Ignbnsömbn. {ItaW At±lw kz´w XmXv]cy¯n AhnsS Xoä¸pÃpw hmgbpw ss]\m¸nfpw Irjn sNbvXp XpS§nþ Npcp¡¯n s\Ãp am{Xw hnfªncp¶ ]mS¯p\n¶pw Ft«mfw DXv]¶§Ä e`yambn. ASp¯ kokWn slÎdn\p 27000 cq]b.mbn At±lw¯nsâ AämZmbw. 1994emWv CsXt¶mÀ¡Ww.1995 kwtbmPnXIrjn kw_Ôn¨ t]mkväv tUmÎd KthjW¯n\mbn Rm³ ssN\bn t]mbn . AhnsS IWvS 100 Intem ao\pw 1000 Intem{Kmw s\Ãpsa¶ ap{ZmhmIy¯nÂ\n¶p BibapÄs¡mWvS Rm³ XncnsI h¶ tijw FgpXnb teJ\¯nemWv "Hcp s\Ãpw Hcp ao\pw' G¶ {]tbmKw BZyambn AhXcn¸n¨Xv. AXphsc "s\ev]mS§fnse aÕyIrjn'sb¶mWv Cu ]²Xn Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. XpSÀ¶pÅ hÀj§fn Irjn¡mcn \n¶p Irjn¡mcntebv¡v Cu Bibw Im«pXo t]mse ]SÀ¶p. Ht«sd Irjn¡mÀ C«q¸nsâ ]mSw kµÀin¨p. AhÀ¡v R§Ä KthjItc¡mÄ tIÄt¡WvSnbncp¶Xv Irjn¡mc\mb C«q¸ns\bmbncp¶p. A¶s¯ IfÎdmbncp¶ ]nF¨v Ipcy\pw Gsd t{]mÕml\w \ÂIn. F¶m CXpkw_Ôn¨p tIm«b¯v IfÎÀ hnfn¨pIq«nb tbmK¯n ^njdokv hIp¸nse Nne DtZymKØÀ "Hcp s\Ãpw Hcp ao\pw' ]²Xnsb \JinJm´w FXnÀ¡pIbmbncp¶p. Cu ]²Xn Ip«\m«n\p kÀh\miapWvSm¡psa¶mWv AhÀ ]dªXv. AhcpsS hmZ§sf Rm³ JWvTns¨¦nepw ]²Xn tIm«b¯n\p thWvSn am{Xambn ]cnanXs¸Sp¯n.A¶v CXns\Xntc hym]Iamb Ip{]NcW§fpWvSmbn. F¶m CXnsâ \·IÄ Xncn¨dnª ap³ FwFÂFbpw a{´nbpw IqSnbmb Sn.sI cmaIrjvW³ FÃm t{]mÕml\hpw \ÂIn.]t£ aäp ]ecpw CXphgn sXmgnemfnIfpsS tPmenkm[yX XIcpsa¶pw s\ÂIrjn CÃmXmIpsas¶ms¡ sXän[cn¸n¡m\mWv {ian¨Xv. A¶s¯ {]apJ cm{ãobt\XmhpÄs¸sS ]ecpw Cu Ip{]NcW¯n hoWXpaqew DWvSmb kachpw _lfhpsamt¡ tIcf¯n FÃmhÀ¡pw Adnbmhp¶XmWv. CXph¶m s\ÃpWvSmhnÃ, ao³ am{Xta Ahtijn¡q F¶pw {KmkvImÀ]v If \in¸n¡p¶Xn\m IÀjIs¯mgnemfnIÄ sXmgnenÃmsX ]«nWnbmIpsa¶psam¡ {]NcWapWvSmbn. {]kvXpX t{]mPÎn\p {]Xn^eambn KthjIÀ¡p In«nb XpIbn \n¶p kÀthbv¡p sNehmb XpI kÀhIemime CuSm¡nsb¶XmWv asämcp hnNn{Xamb hkvXpX. GXmbmeqw C¶v Gsd {]Ncn¸n¡s¸Sp¶ Hcp s\Ãpw Hcp ao\pw ]²XnbpsS _oPmhm]w AXmbncp¶p. Hcp s\Ãpw Hcpao\pw ]²XnbpsS C¶s¯ AhØsb´mWv? A¶s¯ CSXpkÀ¡mcnsâ Ime¯v CXn\v henb FXnÀ¸v t\cntSWvSnh¶p. F¶n«pw A§n§mbn ]ebnS¯pw Hcp s\Ãpw Hcp ao\pw \S¸nembn. CXp \S¸m¡nb ]mS§fnse s\ÂIrjnbpsS DXv]mZ\s¨ehv 525 cq]bn \n¶pw 240 cq]bmbn Xmgv¶p. AXmbXv 40 iXam\w Ipdhv. hnfhmIs« 20 iXam\w hÀ[n¨p. IoS\min\nbpsS D]tbmKw hfsc Ipdªp. Hcp s\Ãpw Hcp ao\pw ]²XnbneqsSbmWv Ip«\m«n "HmÀKm\nIv ssdkv' F¶ Nn´bv¡p XpS¡w Ipdn¡p¶Xv. Ccp]XpsImÃw ap¼v cmkIoS\min\nIfnÃmsX Ip«\m«n s\ÂIrjn \S¯p¶Xns\¡pdn¨v BÀ¡pw Nn´n¡m\mhpambncp¶nÃ. C¶v AXp km[yamsW¶p Ip«\mS³ IÀjIÀ Xs¶ ]dbpw. ]¯ne[nIw Irjn¡mÀ Ct¸mÄ Ip«\m«n ssPhkm£y]{Xt¯msS s\ÃpXv]mZn¸n¡p¶pWvSv. cmkIrjnbn \n¶p ssPhIrjnbntebv¡pÅ {]bmW¯nse CS¯mhfamWv s\Ãpw ao\pw tNÀ¶pÅ kwtbmPnXIrjn. ssPhcoXnIfntebv¡p \o§m\mhiyamb Bßhnizmkw Irjn¡mÀ¡p \ÂIm³ Cu k{¼Zmb¯n\p km[n¡pw. Ct¸mgpw ]ebnS§fnembn A¿mbncw G¡dn Hcp s\Ãpw Hcp ao\pw \S¸m¡s¸Sp¶pWvSv. Cu ]²Xn ]n¶oSv _lphnf kwtbmPnXIrjn AYhm C«p¸v tamU F¶ coXnbn ]cnjvIcn¡pIbpWvSmbn. Cu tamUen\pÅ apgph³ s{IUnäpw Rm³ Irjn¡mc\mb C«q¸n\mWv \ÂInbncn¡p¶Xv. s\XÀe³Unse Hcp tPÀW CtX¡pdn¨pÅ Fsâ teJ\w {]kn²oIcn¨n«pWvSv. ]t£ CXp aXntbm. Hcp s\Ãpw Hcp ao\pw ]²Xn hym]nt¡WvS hn[¯n hym]n¨n«nsöXv Hcp kXyatÃ? icnbmWv. AXv hym]nt¡WvS hn[¯n hym]n¨n«nÃ. AXn\p ]e ImcW§fpWvSv. F¬]XpIfnse AhØbà C¶p s\ÂIrjnbv¡pÅXv. s\ÃpXv]mZ\w IqSpX BZmbIcamWn¶v. Irjn¡mÀ¡nSbn kPohambn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶hcpw \nÀPohambncn¡p¶hcpapWvSv. Hcp s\Ãpw Hcp ao\pw \S¸m¡m\mbn Atlmcm{Xw {]bXv\n¨ kPohIÀjIÀ ]ecpw `qhnkvXrXn Ipdª sNdpInS¡mcmbncp¶p. F¶m CXneqsS In«nb A[nImZmbw ]¦ph¨t¸mÄ IqSpX \neapÅ \nÀPohIÀjIÀ¡mWv IqSpX In«nbXv. HmSn\S¶hÀ¡p sNdnb BZmbhpw ho«nencp¶v Dd§nbhÀ¡v henb BZmbhpw In«p¶ AhØbpWvSmbn. CXv XpSÀ¶pÅ hÀj§fn kPohIÀjIcpsS XmXv]cyw sISp¯n. \½psS ]mStiJc§fn CXp \S¸m¡Wsa¦n Iq«mbva BhiyamWv. Iq«mbvabpsS Imcy¯n \½psS Irjn¡mÀ hfsc ]n¶nemWv. HcmÄ ]dbp¶Xv asämcmÄ AwKoIcn¡nÃ. CXns\XntcbpWvSmb Ip{]NcW§sf AXnPohn¡m³ Irjn¡mÀ¡p iànbnÃmsX t]mbn. CXn\p]pdta Hcp s\Ãpw Hcp ao\pw ]²Xnsb Hcp s\Ãpw Hcq sIm©psa¶m¡n \in¸n¡m\pw {iaapWvSmbn. Rm³ AXns\ iànbpàw FXnÀ¡pIbmbncp¶p. AXn\p ImcWsa´mWv? sIm©pw \½psS \mSnsâ k¼¯tÃ? ^njdoknse Hcp hn`mKw DtZymKØcpsS ]Wnbmbncp¶p AXv. AhÀ¡v Ip«\m«nse {]mtbmKnIX AdnbnÃ. "Hcp s\Ãpw Hcp ao\pw' Irjnbnse Hcp khntijX \mw a\Ênemt¡WvSXpWvSv. s\ÂIrjnbv¡p tijw shÅw Ibddp¶ ]mSt¯bv¡v Xosc sNdnb aÕy¡pªp§sfbà \nt£]n¡p¶Xv. s\ÂIrjn \S¡pt¼mÄ ]mS¯pXs¶ cWvSp iXam\w Øe¯v Hcp \gvkdn¡pfhpw Cu ]²Xnbn \nÀt±in¨n«pWvSv. \gvkdn¡pf¯n Hcp AbebpsS A{X hen¸¯n hfÀ¯nb aÕy¡pªp§sfbmWv s\ÂIrjnbv¡ptijw ]mSt¯bv¡p Xpd¶p hnSp¶Xvv. AXpsImWvSpXs¶ ]mSs¯ \mS³aÕy§sfsbm¶pw \in¸nt¡WvS BhiyanÃ. ImÀ]v aÕy§sf hfÀ¯nbm Ip«\m«nse \mS³ aÕy§Ä \in¡psa¶p hnaÀin¨hÀ¡pÅ adp]Sn IqSnbmbncp¶p CXv. ssPhsshhn[yw \in¸n¡msX \mS³aÕy§Äs¡m¸w hfÀ¯paÕy§sf hfÀ¯p¶ coXnbmbncp¶p CXv. Xq{]s¯ tXmakptN«s\t¸mse XymKa\ØnXnbpÅ Irjn¡mÀ \gvkdn¡pf§Ä¡mbn Øew hn«pX¶ Ncn{XamWpÅXv. ]n¶oSv aäp Irjn¡mÀ Cu Øe¯n\pÅ ]m«ambn Hcp XpI \ÂIpIbpw sNbvXp . F¶m ^njdokv hIp¸v sImWvSph¶ Hcp s\Ãpw Hcp sIm©pw ]²Xn Cu Bib§Ä¡p hncp²ambncp¶p. sIm©n\p A[nIhnebpsWvS¶Xmbncp¶p Ahsc BIÀjn¨Xv. ao\n\v 25 cq] hnebpÅt¸mÄ sIm©n\p 200 cq]bmWv hne. ]t£ ]mStiJc¯nse apgph³ \mS³aÕy§tfbpw sIms¶mSp¡n am{Xta sIm©nsâ hn¯v \nt£]n¡m\mhq. hfÀ¨m\nc¡v Ipdª Ahbv¡mbn \gvkdn¡pf§fpWvSm¡p¶Xpw {]mtbmKnIaÃ. am{Xaà sIm©n\p Ir{XnaXoä XpSÀ¨bmbn \ÂtIWvSnhcpw. ao³ ssht¡m Ahinã§Ä Blcn¡p¶Xn\m Xoäs¨ehv Xosc Ipdhmbncp¶p. aÕy¯nsâ ImjvTw hfamIpsa¶Xpw ]mSs¯ ]pÃp apgph³ Ah Xn¶psa¶Xpw s\ÂIrjnbpambpÅ AhbpsS s]mcp¯w hÀ[n¸n¡p¶p. C¯cw s]mcp¯§sfm¶pw sIm©pw s\Ãpw X½nenÃ. Fsâ FXnÀ¸ns\ AhKWn¨v Fw]nUnFbpsS ]n´pWtbmsS Hcp s\Ãpw Hcp sIm©pw \S¸m¡nsb¦nepw FÃmbnS¯pw {]kvXpX ]²Xn \ã¯nemWv Iemin¨Xv. sXmgnemfn{]iv\§fpw Cu ]²XnbpsS kzoImcyXsb _m[n¨n«ntÃ? sXmgnemfn {]iv\§fpw A¶pWvSmbn. Xq{]w ]mS¯v ao³ hnfshSp¡p¶Xn Nne AhImi{]iv\§Ä DWvSmbn. ao³ ]nSn¡p¶Xv aÕys¯mgnemfnIfpsS AhImiambn D¶bn¡s¸«p. aÕys¯mgnemfnIfmbn AhXcn¨Xmhs« Hmt«mdn£ms¯mgnemfnIfpw. Hcp Intem{Kmw aÕy¯n\v ]¯pcq]bmWv AhÀ Bhiys¸«Xv. Hmtcm ao\pw icmicn aq¶p Intem{Kmw Xq¡apÅXmbncp¶p. AXmbXv Hcp ao³ ]nSn¡pt¼mÄ DXv]mZn¸n¡p¶ht\¡mÄ IqSpX ]nSn¯¡mc\p In«p¶ AhØ. HSphn Intem{Kman\p \mep cq] \nc¡n ao³ ]nSn¡m³ [mcWbmbn. hfsctbsd kmaqlyamä§Ä \S¡p¶ tIcf¯n kwtbmPnX IrjncoXnIfpsS `mhn F´mWv? C¯cw Bib§Ä GsäSp¡m³ BfpWvSmhptam? C«q¸v tamUen PeamWv bYmÀYhn`hw. Pek¼¯p]tbmKn¨p sN¿mhp¶ s\Ãpw ao\pw am{Xaà Xmdmhpw tImgnbpw ]¶nbpw ]iphpsaÃmw CXn kwtbmPn¡s¸Sp¶p. AXphgn Gähpa[nIw k¼¯pXv]mZn¸n¡p¶ taJeIfmbn \½psS ]mStiJc§sf amämsa¶mbncp¶p Dt±in¨ncp¶Xv. Fsâ A`n{]mb¯n Xangv\m«nse Irjn¡mct\m ]©m_nse Irjn¡mct\m Nn´n¡m³ t]mepw km[n¡m¯ Hcq AhkcamWv CXphgn Ip«\mS³ IÀjI\p e`yambncn¡p¶Xv. \½psS k¼¯v `qanbà shÅamsW¶p Xncn¨dntbWvSnbncn¡p¶p. `qan ]cnanXamb tXmXnte \ap¡pÅq. F¶m [mcmfambpÅ Pew ssPhsshhn[yw \ne\ndp¯n D]tbmKs¸Sp¯m³ \mw ]Tnt¡WvSnbncn¡p¶p tIcf¯nse aÕyIrjnbpsS C¶s¯ AhØ A§v F§s\ hnebncp¯p¶p? 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CXns\Xntcbpw Bt£]§fpWvSmbn. ]ßIpamÀ th¼\m«pImben ImÀ]v aÕy§sf CSp¶psh¶pw ISen Imbw Ie¡p¶Xn\p XpeyamWnsX¶psams¡bbmbncp¶p ]cnlmkw. th¼\m«pImben Xnem¸nb DÄs¸sS ]e ]ctZinaÕy§fpapsWvS¶XmWv hmkvXhw. Rm\mhs« \mS³ aÕy§fpsS Ir{Xna{]P\\w \S¯n Ahsb Imben \nt£]n¡m\mWv Dt±in¨ncp¶Xv. Imben Imbw Ie¡nsb¶ Bt£]apWvSmImXncn¡m³ BZyambn sIm©n³ Ipªp§Ä¡v ASbmfan«v ]¼bnepw A¨³tImhnenepw \nt£]n¨p. ASp¯ kokWn 300þ350 {KmapÅ sIm©mbmWv Ahsb ImbenÂ\n¶p Xncn¨pIn«nbXv. CtX¯pSÀ¶ IÀjIs¯mgnemfnIÄ t]mepw sIm©p]nSn¯¡mcmbn amdp¶ AhØbpWvSmbn. DXv]mZ\cwK¯v henb apt¶äapWvSmbnþ 39 S®mbncp¶ DXv]mZ\w 125 S®mbn ASp¯ kokWn hÀ[n¨p. aq¶p sImïn\p tijw B ]²Xn Ahkm\n¨tXmsS th¼\m«pImben \n¶pÅ DXv]mZ\w 72 S®mbn Npcp§n. Ct¸mgXv Ccp]Xv S®nepw XmgbmWv. C{Xbpw t\«apWvSmb ]²Xn ]n¶oSv t\«apWvSm¡msX t]mbXv F´psImWvSmWv? Cu ]²Xnbn kzoIcn¨ Nne kao]\§Ä \nÀWmbIambncp¶p. th¼\m«pImbenÂ\n¶p ]nSn¨ ap«s¡m©nsâ Ipªp§sf am{Xw ChnsS hfÀ¯n henb sN½o\nsâ hen¸¯nem¡nbmWv Imbentebv¡p hn«ncp¶Xv. F¦n am{Xta AhsbÃmw Imbense kmlNcy§sf AXnPohn¡pIbpÅq. F¶m AXn\p]Icw B{Ôbnse lm¨dnbn hncnª sIm©n³Ipªp§sf Imben \nt£]n¡m³ ]²Xn XpS§nbt¸mÄXs¶ ]e {]apJcpw k½À±w sNep¯nbncp¶p. F¶m B{Ôbnse lm¨dnIfn A´{]P\\¯neqsS hncnbn¡s¸« sIm©n³Ipªp§Ä¡v hfÀ¨m\nc¡v XoscbpWvSmhnÃ. AXpsImWvSpXs¶ Rm³ A¡mcyw km[yasö \ne]mSv kzoIcn¨p. AXnsâ t]cn ]ecptSbpw sXmgnÂ]camb i{XpX k¼mZnt¡WvSnh¶p. ]e KqV\o¡§fpw A¡me¯v CXns\XntcbpWvSmbn. imkv{Xobambn \S¸m¡nbm am{Xta Imbense aÕy\nt£]w {]tbmP\s¸Sq. \mS³aÕy§sf {]P\\w sNbvXp hwi\mi¯n \n¶p c£n¡p¶Xn A§v hfsc henb ]¦mWtÃm hln¨ncn¡p¶Xv? \mS³ aÕy§sf Ir{XnakmlNcy¯n {]P\\w \S¯m\pÅ KthjW]²Xn R§Ä hnPbIcambn ]qÀ¯nbm¡nbncp¶p. temI_m¦mbncp¶p CXn\pthWvS km¼¯nI]n´pW \ÂInbXv. Icnao³, ]pó, aª¡qcn, IqcÂ, \mS³apjn XpS§nb aÕy§sf CXn\mbn sXcsªSp¯p. CXn Icnao\nsâ {]P\\w KthjIÀ¡v hensbmcp kakybmbncp¶p. ]ecpw {ian¨n«pw Ir{XnakmlNcy§fn Icnao\nsâ {]P\\w \S¯m\mbnÃ. 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Meen Valarthal (Fish Farming) - Rui Fish

Rui Fish

Rui fish is a very popular, common and mostly cultivated freshwater fish. species of south Asia. It is a carp fish of cyprinidae family. Rui fish is also known as some other name like rohu fish, rohit fish etc. Among the species of carp fish the appreciation ofrui fish is maximum. It is very tasty and delicious. Rui fish is very popular to the people of Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Thailand, Pakistan and some other Asian countries. It is generally a fish of river. But it also can be found in all types of natural water reservoir. Rui fish farming in pond, mere or lake is very popular and profitable.

Classification of Rui Fish:

• Kingdom               :       Animalia
• Phylum                 :       Chordata
• Class                    :       Actinopterygii
• Order                    :       Cypriniformes
• Family                  :       Cyprinidae
• Genus                  :       Labeo
• Species                :       L. rohita

Scientific name       :       Labeo rohita

Physical Characteristics of Rui Fish:

Physical characteristics of rui fish by which we can recognize them are described bellow.

Rui Fish

• The body of rui fish is thick. But the head and tail is comparatively narrow than their body.
• Their whole body is covered with cycloid scales. Except the head and fins.
• Head is triangulated and mouth is inferrior.
• Surface and under surface is brown colored.
• Belly is white silver colored.
• Rui fish has two pair of nostril.
• Mouth is covered with two lips.
• There are many small indention and pair of trunk in the brink of lips.
• Middle place of caudal fin is bifurcated. So it is called homocercal.
• There are seven fins in the body of rui fish including odd and even fins.
• Rui fish lengths about highest 90cm to 1m.
• Scales are smooth and well arranged in a row.
• Front side of head and back side is blackish colored.
• The body is slightly curved to upper side.
• There are about 15-16 cords in the dorsal fins of rui fish.
• The scales of body is reddish colored. But the belly scales is silver white colored.

Breeding:

Rui fish gain sexual maturity at the age of 3 years. A female rui fish contain about 0.3 millions of eggs. In favorable environment they lays eggs within April to July. Thy lays eggs in open water reservoir like river. Minnow of this fish can also be produced artificially. Rui fish don't lays eggs in stagnant water.

Food:

Rui fish generally ramble and consume food from the middle level of water. The main food of rui fish is plant and putrescent organic substances. The minnow of rui fish eats only zooplankton and adult fish eats generally phytoplankton. For commercial rui fish farming fish meal, cake, rice dust, wheat chaff etc. can served as supplementary food

കൂടുതല്‍ വിവരങ്ങള്‍ക്ക്  http://www.vlfarming.com

Meen Valarthal (Fish Farming)- Pabda Fish

Pabda Fish

Pabda is a  freshwater fish. It is very tasty and has high nutrition value. So it has a great demand and high value in the market. Pabda fish can be found in the pond, swamp, paddy field etc. of our country. They are one type of catfish. They generally lives in clean freshwater. Pabda fish can also be found in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal and some other south Asian countries. Classification, physical characteristics, food habit and breeding of pabda fish are described bellow.

Classification of Pabda Fish:

Classification of pabda fish is described bellow.

• Kingdom             :       Animalia
• Phylum               :       Chordata
• Class                  :       Actinopterygii
• Order                  :       Siluriformes
• Family                :       Siluridae
• Genus                :       Ompok
• Species              :       O. pabda

Scientific Name           :       Ompok pabda

Physical Characteristics:

Pabda fish is a small sized freshwater fish. The physical characteristics of pabda fish are described bellow.

Pabda Fish

• The body of pabda fish is flat in both side.
• The caudal side is more narrow than head side.
• Pabda fish has similarity with boal fish.
• No scales in their body.
• Their chest is silver colored.
• There is a pair of mustache in their mouth.
• Has two pairs of fins.
• Pelvic fin lengths from belly to tail.
• Anal fin is divided into two parts.
• There is a fishbone in the pectoral fin of pabda fish.
• Pabda fish lengths about 12-30cm.

Food:

Pabda fish lives in the upper level of water. They are omnivorous. They generally eats protozoa, aquatic insects, crustasia, moss etc. But they also likes cake and fishmeal as supplementary food. Feed them supplementary food containing 40% rice dust, 30% mastered cake and 30% fishmeal before their breeding period.

Breeding:

The breeding period of pabda fish is between May to July. They lays eggs within this period.

Meen Valarthal( Fish Farming) - Tilapia

Tilapia Fish Farming

Tilapia has taken an important role in the fish farm. Almost all types of people like tilapia recipes and baked tilapia to eat. There are no man who does not like tilapia. The weather and environment of our Asian country is very suitable for tilapia fish farming. As the tilapia is a very testy and fast growing fish, so it has a great demand to the fish farmer. It has make a revolution in the field of fish farming. Farming in a modern way of tilapia fish desired income can be made within a short time. 

Tilapia culture is also a suitable way of earnings for the unemployed people. Due to the high rate and demand of talapia in local market, the farmers are being more interested in this fish farming. Efficiency of taking natural food, interest in complementary food, surviving in averse natural condition and for disease resistance power of talapia the popularity of it increasing to the farmer. As well as the demand of tilapia fish is increasing in international market day by day. Tilapia fish can survive in 12-40 degree centigrade temperature and grows well in 16-35 degree centigrade temperature. Tilapia can be farming twice a year. If modern farming methods and technology can be use in tilapia farming, then it would make more income. And it has a bright chance to build our economy.

Farming Method:

Tilapia Fish Photo

Well management is very important to get better benefit from fish farming. Tilapia fish grows rapidly. The female tilapia give minnow numerous times in a year. So different sizetilapia can be seen in the pond. As a result of it the farmers can not get desired production. Naturally, the growing rate of male tilapia is more than the female. The farmer can cultivate only the male tilapia. This types of cultivation is called mono-sex tilapia farming. This types of tilapia can eat complementary food and can survive in averse natural condition even it can be cultivate in high density.

Pond Selection:

A pond with a depth of 1.5-4 feet can choose for tilapia culture. Bush and unnecessary thing must have to remove from pond, it will ensure the availability of sunlight. Proper pond management helps better production.

Nursing Pond:

The minnow of tilapia fish should keep in nursing pond after bringing from tilapia hatchery. Before keep the minnow to the pond you have to be sure about the condition of the pond. First of all the pond have to make dry and apply rotenon medicine to remove unwanted cannibalistic fish. After that, 1 kg of lime, 5-7 kg of dung, 100-150 g of nitrogen, 50-75 g of TSP and 20 g of MOP have to apply. A net should keep around the pond to prevent frog and snake. After 5-7 days of applying fertilizer 21-28 day old minnow can keep in the pond. 10-15% of food have to serve according to the weight of the minnow. After 40-60 days from then it have to move to another pond.

Management:

First of all different types of unwanted and cannibalistic fish have to remove from pond by net or applying rotenon medicine. Dung and compost fertilizer have to serve every week to make natural food. Complementary food also have to serve. If you provide complementary food according to the demand of fish then there is no need to provide natural food. When the weight of fish will more than 100 g, then it will be better if you change the water at the rate of 5% daily. When the average weight of tilapia would 300-500 g then it will suitable for sale.

Nowadays the market of talapia is speeding world wide. Our environment and weather is very suitable for tilapia farming. It takes low time in farming and give a great income in short time. As the demand and price is high so the farmers are becoming more interested in the fish farming. Tilapia farming can meet our demand of protein and make our economy strong

Meen valarthal(Fish Farming)-Cat fish

Catfish Farming

Once upon a time there was a large number of catfish available. Then the giant catfish or the largest catfish were available. The biggest catfish could be found almost every place. Nowadays most of the people do not know about what is catfish and the number of catfish is reducing due to numerous reasons. Lack of natural living place of the catfish, and fishing in a plenty is the most common reason for reduce the number of catfish. But now people are very interested in catfish farming. Many breeds of catfish are now farming artificially. Now you can cultivate catfish in your pond. There are some steps of this fish farming which are described bellow. 

Pond Selection:

To farming catfish, pond selection is a very important matter. Before selecting pond for catfish farming you have to give attention in some steps.

• The pond must have to be free from flood.
• The shore of the pond have to be strong.
• The shore area of the pond have to free from hole.
• If there are any hole in the pond shore all catfish will go out from there.
• The depth of water will not more than 4 feet in rainy season.
• It will be better if the pond become oblong rather than squire.
• The pond should have the facilities of proper sunlight.

Pond Management:

Catfish can be cultivated in both new and old pond. But it would be better if you cultivate catfish in an old pond. If you want to use new pond then you have to dug the soil well and have to mix dung and lime. This will make make the soil fertile. If the soil of the pond not fertile it will hamper the health of the catfish. The old pond have to dry well before cultivating catfish. If there are much mud then some mud should removed. After that some lime can applied. Then the pond should covered with net, it will prevent the fish from frog and snake. The snake is much harmful to catfish than frog. After making a fence of net fresh water should provide 2 - 3 feet. Minnow should keep after 2-3 days of water supply.

Minnow:

After completing pond management high quality minnow should keep in the pond. 2-3 inch size minnow should collect from the hatchery. There are many hatcheries available which produce high quality catfish. Anti fungus medicine should apply in catfish pond. This medicine have to apply again after 2-3 days of releasing the minnow. This will keep the minnow from all types of diseases.

Minnow Density:

Catfish Photo

Only catfish or catfish with other fish can be cultivated. When the catfish will be cultivated with other carp fish then the density will at most 25-30. The number will be more if only the catfish cultivated. In accordance with carp fish the farmer can cultivate catfish with tilapia fish and pangash. In this case 40-50 catfish can be kept. If the farmer cultivate catfish with carp fish, tilapia or pangash it will reduce the cost of food. Catfish will consume the food provided for carp fish from the bottom of the pond. The main benefit of farming catfish with carp fish is that, it will reduce the quantity of ammonia gas.

Food Management:

20% of food should served for the first 10 days according to the weight of the catfish after keeping them to the pond. The little cat fish prefer to take food in night. So, the food should served twice daily. After first 10 days the food serving have to reduce to 12-15%. The catfish take food in day time when they reach about 3 inch size. When the catfish will be one month old then they should serve 5% of food according to their body weight. Food should served in morning and evening. Food should served in proper way, if you serve less food this will make the fish thin and if you serve much food it will damage the water condition of the pond and increase your food cost.

In Winter Season:

Winter season is very harmful for catfish. They suffers by various disease of fish in this season. Some extra care should make in this season. The water of the pond should change after every 15 days. Anti fungus medicine have to apply every month. The water depth should kept within 2 feet. Ganonex medicine can use to remove the ammonia gas from the pond.

Catfish Collection:

Almost all types of fish can be collected by net. But it is so difficult to collect the catfish with net. To collect this fish remove the water from the pond. The water should removed in the last night and all fish have to collect. The fish will die and its condition will damage if the farmer collect them in sunny weather. If one part of the pond is low than the other part then it will be more easy to collect all the fish.
Catfish has a great demand and price in the market. All types of people like them. This fish is very suitable for patient and the doctors advices them to eat catfish. However, catfish farming is a very suitable way to income and meet your family fish demand. About 4 tons of cat fish can produce from one acres of land within 10 month.

Meen valarthal(Fish Farming)-Common Carp

Common Carp Fish

Common carp is a fish of temperate area of Asia. This fish can be found in a large number in south China. Common carp fish is also available in Europe. But nowadays it is cultivated worldwide. They are freshwater fish species. They lives generally in large rivers and lakes. Common carp fish is very suitable for farming with other species of carp fish in pond. There are many breeds of common carp. Among them mirror carp and carpio are most popular breeds. The physical characteristics, classification, food habit and breeding of common carp fish are described bellow.

Classification of Common Carp Fish:

Scientific name and classification of common carp fish are listed beneath.

• Kingdom          :       Animalia
• Phylum            :       Chordata
• Class               :       Actinopterygii
• Order               :       Cypriniformes
• Family             :       Cyprinidae
• Genus              :       Cyprinus
• Species            :       C. carpio

Scientific Name         :       Cyprinus carpio

Physical Characteristics:

Physical characteristics of common carp fish are described bellow.

Common Carp Fish

• The body of common carp is flat.
• Head is comparatively smaller than their body.
• The body of carpio fish is covered with slight reddish scales.
• There are only a few row of scales in the body of mirror carp fish.
• The backside is slightly brown colored.
• Belly is golden colored.
• The scales of mirror carp is comparatively large sized.
• The flesh of common carp is red colored.
• A common carp lengths about 100-120cm.
• Adult fish weights highest 40 kg.
• They survive for long time.

Food:

Common carp fish is omnivorous. They live in the lower water level. They make hole in the soil and search food there like small insects and plants. They love to eat water plants, various types of insects, benthic worms, crawfish, crustaceans, zooplankton etc.

Breeding:

Common carp fish lays eggs in the pond. They lays eggs two times a year. Once at summer or rainy season and another time in winter season. An adult female fish lays about 0.3 million eggs each time.

Meen valarthal(Fish Farming) -Grass carp

Grass Carp Fish

Grass carp is generally a carp fish of China and Russia. This fish is suitable forfarming in pond with other carp fish. Grass carp fish is mostly available in Asia but also available in some other places of the world. They generally lives in lakes, backwaters of large rivers, pools and ponds and a carp fish of freshwater. It can move very fast in the water. Grass carp known as known as white amur in United States. The physical characteristics, classification, food habit and breeding of grass carp fishare listed bellow.

Classification of Grass Carp Fish:

Scientific classification of grass carp fish are described bellow.

• Kingdom       :       Animalia
• Phylum         :       Chordata
• Class            :       Actinopterygii
• Order            :       Cypriniformes
• Family          :       Cyprinidae
• Subfamily      :       Squaliobarbinae
• Genus           :       Ctenopharyngodon
• Species         :       C. idella

Scientific Name      :       Ctenopharyngodon idella

Physical Characteristics:

Physical characteristics of grass carp fish are described bellow.

Grass Carp Fish

• The body of grass carp fish has similarity with mrigal fish.
• They has to trunk in their lips.
• Dorsal fin is small sized.
• The backside is slightly greed colored.
• Head is comparatively smaller than their body.
• Grass carp fish is very important for aquatic weed control.
• They has no barbels.
• There are about 40-42 scales in the complete lateral line.
• Their dorsal fin has about 8-10 soft rays.
• Anal fin is located closer to the tail.
• Grass carp fish is very fast growing fish species.
• Adult fish lengths about 1-1.2 meters.
• Weights about 18 kilograms.
• On an average a grass carp fish survive for 5-9 years.

Food:

The grass carp is a freshwater vegetation fish. They eats different types of plants and leaves form the water. Sometimes they eat food up to three times their own body weight everyday. They eat food from all water level. They eats various types of aquatic weeds, plants, leaves, green grasses etc. from the pond. They plays a very vital role in controlling aquatic weeds by consuming them.

Breeding:

Grass carp don't lays eggs in bounded water. They lays eggs in open water reservoir like river. 20°c-30°c temperature is very suitable for reproduction process of grass carp fish. Minnow can also be produced artificially in the hatchery